The SOD is defined as the extraction of water as a per cent of the net renewable recharge. We dont share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we dont sell your information to others. The productive assets in this index include ploughs, power tillers/tractors, spay machine, husking machine, treadle pump, manual pumps, bullocks, cows, calves, buffalos, goats, sheep, chickens, ducks, and geese. 
It is worth noting that in this paper we do not directly estimate the effects of the groundwater and electrification policy changes. Would recommend this unit highly. 
Effects of electric-pump ownership on rice yields and value-added, Table 5. Since 2011, farmers who reside in safe administrative blocks (i.e. COVERAGE: Plan starts on the date of purchase. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in. It is common for farmers without pumps to purchase water from pump owners (Mukherji, 2004, reports that 48 per cent of pump owners sold water in 200304). Only downside was after both (i purchased 2) were put together and stacked it was kind of slanted and didnt sit against the wall properly. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Farmers there pay the highest farm electricity tariff in India, which has tripled between 2009 and 2016 (Sarkar, 2020; Shah & Chowdhury, 2017). Zone 1 in Figure 3). Winter cultivation is possible only with groundwater irrigation, and monsoon cultivation is increasingly becoming dependent on supplemental irrigation due to south-west monsoon irregularities (Nandargi & Barman, 2018). Hydrological conditions that might influence agricultural outcomes such as cropping choices, yields, value-added, and irrigation decisions are likely to be quasi-random just around the threshold that separates safe from semi-critical blocks. Case of deteriorating groundwater irrigation in Tamil Nadu, Can analytic narrative inform policy change? While access to electric pumps for irrigation did not significantly affects rice yields and value-added in the winter season, electric-pump owners had higher rice yields and values added than diesel-pump owners in the monsoon season. Cookies: Our website uses cookies for analytics and to enable dynamic content. The following observable household/farm characteristics were included as predictors: the area of land cultivated; a productive asset index constructed using principal component analysis6; the proportion of household members involved in agriculture; information on the household head (age, education, religion, and caste) and on the number of household members; a wealth asset index constructed using principal component analysis7; an indicator of whether the household has any off-farm sources of income; village level pre- and post-monsoon groundwater depth; status as a semi-critical block (vs. being a safe block); presence of electricity connections for domestic purposes; the difference between the blocks actual SOD measured in 2009 and the 90 per cent SOD threshold; and the difference between the 20 cm threshold in the decline in groundwater depth and the blocks actual pre- and post-monsoon measured declines, respectively. Tubing Cutter Copper Brass Steel Aluminum Tube Cutter NEW, WALK BEHIND 196CC INFINITY C88 DIRT PLATE VIBRATORY COMPACTOR 6.5 HP GAS POWER, Hydraulic 10 Ton Ram Rod Replacement part For Gear Hub Puller Bearing Separators, 2pc Poly Strapping Banding Tool Machine Tensioner Crimper Set Sealer Packaging, 16720 CHESTNUT ST #E CITY OF INDUSTRY CA 91748. Please try your search again later. 9. Comment on: Abou-Ali, H., El-Azony, H., El-Laithy, H., Haughton, J. and Khandker, S., 2010. This High Quality Water Pump Provides Constant Power With It's Long Running Motor. Look, this is not something a high end furniture store is going to sell. Note: Figures in parentheses are standard deviation. Propensity scores were estimated using a logit model in which the dependent variable is an indicator of whether the farm has an electric pump. Coefficients from the logit model were used to estimate propensity scores for each of the households. Only wish it had a magnet closure, but so far, it seems to stay closed all on its own. As the number of electrified tubewells stagnated in the 2000s, so did these indicators (Figures 1 and 2). Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. In recent years, farmers in West Bengal tend to need supplemental irrigation for monsoon rice at the end of the growing period due to the vagaries of the monsoon. Monsoon rice yields and value added are higher for electric pump owners than diesel pump owners. There is, however, a discrete, and exogenous, difference in the transaction costs of acquiring an electricity connection between safe and semi-critical blocks which likely affects new electric-pump ownership but not on-farm outcomes. To address this bias, we use propensity score matching (PSM) methods to construct a counterfactual group of diesel-pump owners and water buyers with observable characteristics that are similar to those of electric-pump owners. State governments in the north, south and west of India have subsidised energy for agriculture (either diesel or electricity, or both; Badiani, Jessoe, & Plant, 2012), which have increased groundwater use (Badiani-Magnusson & Jessoe, 2018; Balali, Khalilian, Viaggi, Bartolini, & Ahmadian, 2011; Birner, Gupta, & Sharma, 2011; Briscoe & Malik, 2006; Janakarajan & Moench, 2006; Kimmich, 2016, Somanathan & Ravindranath, 2006)2; and consequently increased farm value-added (Bardhan, Mookherjee, & Kumar, 2012) and expanded cultivated area under water-intensive crops (Badiani-Magnusson & Jessoe, 2018). 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Groundwater irrigation, growth of agricultural production, and poverty in Bangladesh, Impact of irrigation on food security in Bangladesh for the past three decades, The effects of energy prices on agricultural groundwater extraction from the high plains aquifer, The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects, Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score, External validity in a stochastic world: Evidence from low-income countries, Groundwater irrigation and farm power policies in Punjab and West Bengal: Challenges and opportunities, Farm power policies and groundwater markets contrasting Gujarat with West Bengal (19902015). That is impossible. The number of clients served by electric-pump owners was greater than those served by diesel-pump owners, but there was only a small difference in total irrigated areas, suggesting that electric-pump owners sell water to farmers with smaller land holdings. Enhancements you chose aren't available for this seller. I really dont think I could have done any better for the price. Using purposefully selected primary data, we examine whether electric-pump owners have greater water access and rice production during the monsoon and winter seasons compared to diesel-pump owners and water buyers. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. It's been just the right size since it's a relatively small bathroom but can still hold quite a bit. Then, a nearest-neighbour matching was performed, where each electric-pump owner was matched with five counterfactual farmers (diesel-pump owners and water buyers8) that had the closest propensity scores within a 0.01 probability band from the electric-pump farmers propensity score. It took me a little over an hour to finish but I was taking my time and making sure before I assembled any parts. Electric-pump owners conducted 3.7 more irrigations on their monsoon rice plots than diesel-pump owners, and 4.6 more than water buyers (Table 5). Figure 1. Table 2. As the average water buyer cultivated less area, owned fewer plots, and irrigated a smaller share of land compared to pump owners (Table 7), electric-pump owners sold water to more farmers with smaller holdings than diesel-pump owners did. Once it was secured to the wall it straightened up a bit. Includes initial monthly payment and selected options. Kernel density estimates of the propensity scores for the electric-pump owners and counterfactual farmers confirm large overlapping support (Supplementary Appendix Figure A.2; Heckman et al., 1997). Since 2012, the Department of Agriculture has also provided farmers in safe blocks with a one-time subsidy of INR 8,000 to connect their pumps to the grid (called the One Time Assistance for Electrification of Agricultural Pump-sets). You may receive a partial or no refund on used, damaged or materially different returns. The experience of neighbouring Bangladesh demonstrates the effects of easing access to cheaper energy for irrigation. In villages where there were fewer than 15 electric- and diesel-pump-owning households in total, all of these households were selected, and water buyers were randomly selected in order to give a total of 15 households. Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. These estimates are based on the following model: Yi=+Ti+Xi+i. Registered in England & Wales No. *** stands for 1 per cent of significance, ** for 5 per cent and * for 10 per cent. An error occurred when processing your request. 2. It also doesnt look cheap. I put it together in 30 minutes without issue and I am not handy! In villages where there were more than 15 electric- and diesel-pump-owning households in total, proportional numbers of these households were randomly selected. Please make sure that you are posting in the form of a question. Role of private irrigation investment vis-a-vis local government programs in West Bengals farm productivity growth, IFPRI Research Monograph, International Food Policy Research Institute, Il calcolo delle assicurazioni su gruppi di teste. The one-year recall covered three cropping seasons. The expansion of minor irrigation that followed the liberalisation of diesel-pump imports and the subsidisation of diesel in the mid-1980s, has been a major driver of long-term agricultural growth, poverty reduction, and food self-sufficiency there (Ahmed & Sampath, 1992; Palmer-Jones, 1992, 1999; Parvin & Rahman, 2009). Please try again. Wouldn't hesitate to recommend these to a friend. In total, 33 blocks were purposively selected, 20 of which were safe and 13 of which were semi-critical (Figure 4). There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. Acquiring an electric pump is also likely correlated with observable farmer characteristics (X) that are themselves correlated with the outcome variables (Y). We also examine whether electric pump-owners provide greater access to irrigation services through water sales. You do need to be very careful when putting this together because you might get some stuff in backwards. Perfect For Small Ponds, Pools, Farm And Industrial Applications, Copyright 2016 Infinity Source Inc. Design By, ALUMINUM 1/2 HP ELECTRIC WATER PUMP POOL FARM POND Centrifugal BioDiesel, Charging & Starting, Auto Electrical System, In-line fans, Duct, Filter, Ventilation tool kits, Reversible Dirt Vibratory Plate Compactor 420cc Gas Power Engine for Dirt Soil, 1/4" to 2-5/8" O.D. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. 1. This is a season where farmers in West Bengal allocate 73 per cent of their land to rice production (Table 1). Finally, t-test of differences were used to compare the observable characteristics, outcome variables and propensity scores of the electric-pump owners and counterfactual farmers before and after the matching (Supplementary Appendix Table A.3) and standardised percentage bias9 were also plotted (Supplementary Appendix Figure A.3; Imbens & Wooldridge, 2009). 
Would definitely recommend. High noon for microfinance impact evaluations: Re-investigating the evidence from Bangladesh, Can electricity pricing save Indias groundwater? I really wish this would have worked for my intended purpose because these are really nice. The estimated effects of electric-pump ownership on cropping patterns, rice yields, and value-added, irrigation for rice production, and water sales are presented in Tables 36, respectively. The instructions are very clear and easy to understand. EASY CLAIMS PROCESS: File a claim anytime online at www.Asurion.com/Amazon or by phone. Table 7. Evaluating the impact of Egyptian social fund for development programmes. Malfunctions covered after the manufacturer's warranty. We collected primary data through a survey of 1,396 farming households, where 370 households owned electric pumps, 398 owned just diesel pumps, and 628 bought their water. The explanation of this finding may lay with the pumps technical characteristics and the tariff structure. vides constant delivery for hours of dependable service. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Irrigation with electric pumps is cheaper than with diesel pumps in West Bengal where electricity and diesel are unsubsidised, and where pump owners typically irrigate their winter rice crop and often sell water to farmers who do not own pumps. The survey instrument collected detailed information about households agricultural production and practices over the course of the previous agricultural year. They didn't serve my purpose, but I wanted to write a review so anyone looking for a good quality organizer may consider this one. Please try again. Zone 2 in Figure 3). However, its perfect if you need a small pantry. I thought they'd be lighter, but they are very heavy. Using primary data, we test two specific hypotheses: (a) whether electric pumps affect cropping patterns, yields, value added, and irrigation practices of pump owners, and (b) whether electric pumps benefit non-pump-owners through water sales. Electric Pumps, Groundwater, Agriculture . https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1906862, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7238, https://www.3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/impact-evaluations/does-marginal-cost-pricing-electricity-affect, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3692-2_4, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, Primary level of education (=1, 0 otherwise), Sources of income apart from agriculture (=1, 0 otherwise), Domestic electric connection (=1, 0 otherwise), Distance from 20 cm GW depth threshold (pre-monsoon), Distance from 20 cm GW depth threshold (post-monsoon), Distance to 20 cm decline in GW depth in pre-monsoon, Distance to 20 cm decline in GW depth in post-monsoon. This work was supported by the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers through the International Water Management Institute and the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). ${cardName} unavailable for quantities greater than ${maxQuantity}. We find that electric-pump owners cultivate greater areas of monsoon and winter rice, and irrigate plots a greater number of times and for longer durations than diesel pump owners and water buyers. Disaggregating the counterfactual sample, a significant effect on the number of irrigations for winter rice plots was found when comparing electric pump owners to water buyers; electric-pump owners conducted 11 more irrigations on their rice plots than water buyers in the winter season (Table 5). In administrative areas identified as semi-critical and critical, permits are still needed irrespective of the discharge of the tubewell or the size of the pump.1 Following these changes, the number of electrified tubewells increased by 68 per cent from 2011 to 2018, to 296,405 wells. We describe the PSM procedure here for the full sample. 3099067 The quality of these shocked me! Unobserved heterogeneity was checked using the bounding approach (Rosenbaum, 2002; see Supplementary Appendix Table A.2), and the results suggest that for most of the outcome variables, the analysis is sensitive to the existence of unobservables (Abou-Ali, El-Azony, El-Laithy, Haughton, & Khandker, 2010; Duvendack & Palmer-Jones, 2011). 
Table 3. We address this bias through our sampling strategy by selecting blocks that are just around the threshold that separates safe from semi-critical blocks.
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