In addition to their ashwagandha supplements, Nootropics Depot offers many products designed to boost cognition and memory, regulate mood, and reduce anxiety. Its a simple supplement with no bells or whistles, which may be ideal for some customers. But we make our recommendations based on our testing and research without making assumptions. Our content provides you, our readers, with an unbiased exploration of at-home health options, free of marketing jargon or gimmicks. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies A Phenomenex Luna 3 C18 (2) 100A 15 cm 4.60 mm column equipped with a guard column (security guard C18) and column heater set at 40C was used. The new PMC design is here! At Innerbody Research, we take transparency seriously. Ashwagandha supplements should be perfectly safe for most people, particularly short term. Kour K, Pandey A, Suri KA, Satti NK, Gupta KK, Bani S. Restoration of stress-induced altered T cell function and corresponding cytokines patterns by withanolide A. Nakayama N, Tohda C. Withanoside IV improves hindlimb function by facilitating axonal growth and increase in peripheral nervous system myelin level after spinal cord injury. That delivers nearly twice as many withanolides to your system daily. As research has expanded, so has the abundance of available ashwagandha supplements. We cant guarantee it will always be lower, but we can guarantee that it will never be higher. The big downside to ZenWell is cost. The withanolide content of the powder is not standardized. Their ZenWell ashwagandha supplement is ideal for those who want to improve their cognitive performance. Mobile phase program for WS V was 015 min A: B (70:30%), 1520 min A: B (75:25%) and 2025 min A: B (70:30%). We concur with this, as the smallest effective dose of any treatment is ideal. If you have to pay shipping, here are their current rates: You can only return unopened products to Nootropics Depot unless there is some significant problem with your order. For HPLC-MS analysis, mobile phase A was 5 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.0 adjusted with formic acid) in 18 mega water, and mobile phase B was HPLC grade acetonitrile. Transparent Labs uses KSM-66 ashwagandha in a 600mg dose. While one bottle of Youtheory ashwagandha costs $18.99, you can subscribe and save 15%, bringing the costs per bottle down to $16.14. Epithelial cell cultures from normal and cancerous human tissues. That said, the long-term safety of chronic ashwagandha supplementation is unknown. It has a 10% withanolide concentration, but it also contains 32% oligosaccharides. Such potent extracts are rare, with most available supplements averaging a 5% withanolide concentration. You dont have to worry about pills getting caught in your throat, and you dont need a glass of water to take them. ), click the link to the companys website, and ultimately make a purchase, we sometimes receive a small commission from that company at no additional cost to you. And while Xwerks offers a few more milligrams of withanolides per dose than Nootropics Depot, their base dose is more than ten times that of Nootropics Depot. MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells: A tool for membrane permeability screening. Unfortunately, it also means their capsules are a bit larger than some competitors. Modern research has revealed that its benefits are more than anecdotal, potentially acting as a nootropic, anxiolytic, and testosterone enhancer. Over the past two decades, Innerbody Research has helped tens of millions of readers make more informed decisions about staying healthy and living healthier lifestyles. Most ashwagandha supplements utilize a powdered form of the roots or leaves of the plant. [26] Surprisingly and paradoxically we observed that the Peff value of WF A was the lowest (3.30 107) implying that it may be impermeable under in vitro system, that is, in the MDCK cells or that it may be metabolized as it passes through the cell layer and we are unable to measure the metabolite. Or your focus and memory arent what they used to be. Transparent Labs is among the leaders in honest supplement production. However, this possibility needs to be verified further by more direct experiments using different cell culture system such as human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell monolayer. Surprisingly and paradoxically, the highly biologically active withaferin A was completely impermeable, suggesting that further studies possibly using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells may be needed to delineate the absorption characteristics of withanolides, especially withaferin A. Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, Winter Cherry, and Indian ginseng, is one of the most important plants used for over 3000 years in Indian Ayurvedic medicinal system. [26] It seems that the process of WF A absorption is more complex, and the MDCK in vitro model possibly does not provide the exact in vivo environment. If youd prefer more widely studied ashwagandha, the company also offers great KSM-66 or Sensoril supplements, but our top pick is Shoden ashwagandha. When ashwagandha use leads to side effects, they usually include upset stomach, vomiting, or diarrhea. Getting our readers unbiased reviews and information written by qualified experts is our very top priority. Thats pretty impressive for its $18.99 price point, but without a way to quantify the withanolide content in the root powder, its hard to say how this would compare to the similar doses from Xwerks and Physicians Choice. Its 5% concentration is laudable, and its efficacy and safety are well documented in clinical studies. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the You should be able to rely on it to work for those purposes. The inclusion of black pepper extract helps enhance bioavailability, so those withanolides readily make their way into your system. If you choose to subscribe, the cost per bottle comes down to $18.05. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, shows several pharmacological properties which are attributed mainly to the withanolides present in the root. These supplements have no serious issues with efficacy, but they arent as consistent as standardized extracts. For most users, ashwagandha supplements should be completely safe. [29] The gut has glucosidases which could hydrolyze the glucose moiety, thus facilitating the absorption of such compounds. This will ensure we are not compensated in any way. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Live Conscious has a slightly smaller offering of wellness products than some competitors, but that focus allows them to make what are generally very high-quality products. Breaking down the cost of an ashwagandha supplement is a little more complicated than you might think. Xwerks Ashwa gummies provide 45mg of withanolides per dose from 1,500mg of ashwagandha the highest dose on our list. There is ample evidence that ashwagandha reduces stress and anxiety. Nootropics Depot also gets points for giving you the option to go with Shoden or the more thoroughly researched KSM-66 or Sensoril brands. But if youre willing to spend a little more to save in the long run, theres no beating Nootropics Depot. There are advantages and disadvantages for each, but we generally think Shoden is the best of the bunch. Permeability was measured in terms of efflux pump (Peff) in cm/s. [17,18,19] Sino-Veda Canada has developed and patented a system employing Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells which were found to be useful in assessing the bioavailability of various drugs. And since gummies generally have a greater degree of bioavailability than capsules, you stand to absorb the lions share of the dose with little to no waste. That medical tradition used ashwagandha to treat ailments like arthritis, anxiety, and respiratory difficulties. Most other KSM-66 supplements in this price range offer 60 servings or more. Physicians Choice boasts an impressive supplement catalog, with offerings in multiple categories, including: For their ashwagandha, Physicians Choice uses KSM-66, one of the most popular forms of ashwagandha extract. Surprisingly WF A, the highly biologically active withanolide was found to be either impermeable or metabolized on passing through the cell layer. This brings the total ashwagandha dose up to 1,000mg. Effect of macronutrient deficiency on withanolides content in the roots of Withania somnifera and its correlationship with molybdenum content. Some ashwagandha supplements may advertise benefits to a mans sex life. government site. We extensively test each health service or product we review. Kohli K, Chopra S, Dhar D, Arora S, Khar RK. This has to do with the concentration of active ingredients in a given extract. Our mission is to provide objective, science-based advice to help you make more informed choices. This was nearly a tossup between Nootropics Depot and Xwerks. Incubation was carried out in a shaker water bath (5070 rpm) at 37C for 1 h. Samples were collected from apical donor side before incubation and form basal receiver side after incubation [Figure 2]. PMC legacy view Molecular biology of the cell. Theres little risk of adverse effects when you take your entire daily dose at once, but you can spread out multiple capsules or take them with meals if you find they cause some mild digestive discomfort. Representative mass spectrometric selected ion mode chromatograms for the individual withanolides which were collected from apical and basal chambers are shown in Figures Figures33 and and4.4. If you prefer that we not receive this small commission, we recommend that you go to the companys website directly (without clicking on our links). We consider this a tie between Nootropics Depot and Xwerks, despite Nootropics Depots clear advantage in cost per dose and cost per gram of withanolides. The By contrast, WS IV and WS V seem to be partially permeable. One bottle costs $24.99, which doesnt seem like too much at first. Selected ion mode signals were monitored at various ranges. What does it even taste like? The tumor proteasome is a primary target for the natural anticancer compound withaferin A isolated from Indian winter cherry. It is known that hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane-the lipid bilayer-serves as a barrier to the passage of polar and high molecular weight molecules. Thus they are polar and also have higher molecular weight. These products of WNN and WNB are unidentified and need further investigations. Patil D, Gautam M, Jadhav U, Mishra S, Karupothula S, Gairola S, et al. [28] Based on our results, we observe that the WNN, 1,2 DWM, and WN B are highly permeable [Figure 3]. Peff values of WN A, WNN, 1,2 DWM, WN B, WS IV, WS V and WF A were 4.05 105, 2.06 105, 1.97 105, 1.80 105, 3.19 106, 3.03 106 and 3.30 107 respectively [Table 1]. The purity of the standards was established by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis [Figure 1]. Thus, the concentrations used for the present studies were well within the permissible range. But one bottle only contains 30 servings. Before Ashwagandha comes from the plant Withania somnifera, sometimes referred to as Indian ginseng or winter cherry. That makes it a wise addition to an ashwagandha supplement or any nootropic blend. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Most of the KSM-66 supplements offer it in a 600mg dose. Physicians Choice uses a 1,000mg dose. Illustrates the cell culture chamber, the apical medium, to which the apical surface of a cell monolayer is exposed, and basal medium, to which the basal surface of a cell monolayer is exposed are provided to the cell culture chamber via the apical medium flow inlet and the basal media flow inlet. One bottle costs $19.99. Weve decided to focus on ashwagandha supplements with quantifiable amounts of withanolides per dose, which non-standardized powder supplements rarely provide. Withanolide A is inherently de novo biosynthesized in roots of the medicinal plant ashwagandha (, Chatterjee S, Srivastava S, Khalid A, Singh N, Sangwan RS, Sidhu OP, et al. Physicochemical stability and biological activity of, Patil D, Gautam M, Mishra S, Karupothula S, Gairola S, Jadhav S, et al. Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu K. Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide A. Malik T, Pandey DK, Dogra N. Ameliorative potential of aqueous root extract of. Nootropics Depot is unique among the companies in our guide in offering the top three branded ashwagandha extracts on the market Shoden, KSM-66, and Sensoril. and transmitted securely. This is disappointing from a company that gets so much else right. We observed that Peff values for the WS IV and WS V were 3.19 106, 3.03 106 respectively signifying their low permeability as compared to other above mentioned withanolides. Studies looking into ashwagandha as a treatment for hypothyroidism have shown promising results. Apparently, only WNN and WNB seem to be susceptible under the experimental conditions. [8,9,10,11] WN A is effective as a neurological, immunological and anti-stress agent. FOIA In order to cover these costs and to keep our information free to users, we instead accept referral fee compensation from some companies referenced on our site. Electrospray mass spectrometer conditions were in positive mode, gas temperature 350C, drying gas 13 L/min, neb pressure 60 psi, vaporizer 350C and capillary voltage 3000 V. Scan conditions were low mass 150, high mass 600, fragmentor 70, gain 1, threshold 150, stepsize 0.20. Lin YC, Tam Y, Semple H, Sloley B. The .gov means its official. Apoptosis is induced in leishmanial cells by a novel protein kinase inhibitor withaferin A and is facilitated by apoptotic topoisomerase I-DNA complex. Heres a look at how our top contenders compare in withanolide content: *Again, Youtheory provides an additional source of withanolides with their included 400mg root powder. Nootropics Depot also recommends 1-2 capsules per day, which is perfectly safe considering the small base dose of 120mg per capsule. Innerbody Research does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. In addition to KSM-66 ashwagandha, ZenWell includes 200mg of Alphawave L-theanine. Heres how your purchasing options for Live Conscious ZenWell break down: Live Conscious gives you a 365-day money-back guarantee, though there are some caveats to it. The intestinal epithelium plays an important role in the absorption and transportation of a given drug. About 35 withanolides have been isolated from the roots of W. somnifera of which withanoside V (WS V), withaferin A, withanolide A (WN A) and withanolide B (WN B) are the major components. Theanine is derived from tea leaves, and multiple studies support its ability to increase focus. The intestinal epithelium plays an important role in absorption and transportation of drugs. Hanks buffered saline, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and Lucifer Yellow were parched form Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Transparent Labs takes a close second in this category thanks to its rigorous third-party testing and the degree of information they share with their customers. *YouTheorys ashwagandha contains an additional 400mg of ashwagandha root powder, but without a standardized withanolide percentage for this component, its more illustrative to compare extract doses with known withanolide content. about navigating our updated article layout. Additionally, like all health-related content on this website, this review was thoroughly vetted by one or more members of our Medical Review Board for accuracy. Permeability was measured in terms of efflux pump (cm/s) and was calculated as follows: Apical and basal distribution pattern for highly permeable withanolides. Samples collected from apical and basal chambers are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy for ascertaining permeability of different withanolides. There is also evidence that it can boost testosterone and improve cognition. MDCK cells were cultured for 3 days and monolayers with Trans Epithelial Electric Resistance between 80 and 120 cm2 were used in the study. Xwerks offers a targeted range of supplements to help you get the most out of intense workouts. Figuring out how to take a pure ashwagandha powder may seem daunting. All withanolides were tested at the concentration of 2 g/ml which ascertained that the withanolides did not disrupt membrane integrity and the concentrations at the receiver side were within the permissible range of their quantification limits; it has been reported that the IC50 for withanolides in cytotoxicity assay ranged from 0.0679.3 M (0.79.8 g/ml). WNN and WNB and the unidentified products were highly permeable. In more recent years, studies have shown many of these ancient beliefs to be true. At the same time, the most expensive option in our guide has the lowest withanolide cost. Thats because of a particular class of naturally occurring steroids in ashwagandha called withanolides. KSM-66 is likely the most widely used ashwagandha extract. Accessibility Learn more withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Because you wont qualify for free shipping without spending at least $100, you should know how shipping costs break down: Multiple studies show that ashwagandha supplements can effectively lower stress and anxiety levels in most users. The ingredients list includes glucose syrup, sugar, and glucose, adding 6g of sugar to every 2-gummy serving. Our testers tried the powder on its own with plain water and found it to be earthy and vaguely sweet. These include: Here are the best available prices for Nootropics Depots ashwagandha supplements: Shipping from Nootropics Depot is only free if you spend more than $50. All spectra were scanned from 190 nm to 400 nm with 2 nm step. [17,18] In view of this we decided to estimate the bioavailability of withanolides by using the Sino-Veda MDCK cell culture system.[20,24]. It has been suggested that in vitro cell culture system may be a useful model system to quickly assess the bioavailability of a given drug. We evaluate products and services based on their adherence to quality and the latest medical evidence and health standards. Comparison of human duodenum and Caco-2 gene expression profiles for 12,000 gene sequences tags and correlation with permeability of 26 drugs. Youtheory might have had an edge if you could quantify the withanolide concentration added by the 400mg of ashwagandha root powder in their mixture. Thus in spinal cord injury WS IV and V improve hindlimb function and increase the myelin layer in the peripheral nervous system. Mohan R, Hammers HJ, Bargagna-Mohan P, Zhan XH, Herbstritt CJ, Ruiz A, et al. Moon Juice provides several recipes built around their ashwagandha powder to give you some extra ideas. The concentrations of withanolides in epical and basal chambers were determined by HPLC coupled to diode array absorbance detection (diode array detector [DAD]) and positive mode electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (MS). For convenience, Xwerks Ashwa is the clear victor. But most of the KSM-66 supplements we found all advised users to start with one pill (a 300mg dose) and work their way up. The effective dose for ashwagandha will vary from person to person, given their body weight and goals for the supplement. A smaller number of studies point toward ashwagandhas ability to boost testosterone levels, improve sleep, and increase focus. As against this, the glycosylated and polar WS IV and WS V showed low permeability. Of the three, we prefer Shoden, as its 35% withanolide concentration means you get more benefits from smaller doses. That could be a non-starter for those with IBS or people on a strict low-FODMAP diet. Youtheory calculates shipping costs based on your location, and our testers found options ranging from as little as $3.37 for a 2-day shipment to $46.90 for next-day air. Some people may not find ashwagandha ideal, including pregnant or nursing mothers and those with thyroid problems. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of. Innerbody is independent and reader-supported. It was also used to reduce inflammation and increase energy. Engman HA, Lennerns H, Taipalensuu J, Otter C, Leidvik B, Artursson P. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and MDR1 in human small and large intestinal cell lines suitable for drug transport studies. You can return any unopened product for up to a year. HPLC studies revealed that the mean retention time (Rt) for withanolides WS IV, WF A, 1,2 DWM, WN A, WS V, WNN, and WN B, respectively, was 2.25, 6.8, 7.75, 9.01, 9.2, 9.31, and 13.1 min. Xwerks also sells a few T-shirts, a hat, and a shaker for protein drinks. Ashwagandhas apparent ability to increase these hormone levels has raised concerns that patients with hyperthyroidism may be at risk of thyrotoxicosis resulting from a dangerous excess of thyroid hormones in the blood. That makes these less of an ideal choice for anyone on a Keto or low-sugar diet or those with diabetes. Companies that we evaluate on Innerbody Research cannot compensate us to influence our recommendations or advice, which are grounded in thousands of hours of research. Even if you dont fall into one of those categories, you should talk to your doctor before starting any new supplement. In one study, eight weeks of supplementation at 600mg (a common dose of KSM-66) normalized thyroid indices that measure TSH, T3, and T4 hormones. Samples to be tested for permeability are incubated under control conditions and allowed to pass through the cell monolayer. Sen N, Banerjee B, Das BB, Ganguly A, Sen T, Pramanik S, et al. Flow rate was 0.7 ml/min and solvent gradient program for WF A, WN A, WN B, WNN and 1,2 DWM was 015 min A: B (60:40%), 1520 min A: B (15:85%) and 2025 min A: B (60:40%). These steroids are what make ashwagandhas benefits possible. Thats mainly because Xwerks costs a little less than half as much at the outset, and they offer a subscription option that saves you more and adds a degree of convenience. All Rights Reserved. Cytotoxic withanolide constituents of. Opened product returns are limited to two bottles from no more than one order each. Lucifer yellow was added to the test solution as an indicator for monitoring the integrity of membrane monolayer. One bottle of Xwerks Ashwa contains 60 gummies (a 1-month supply) and costs $19. Withanolides were diluted in Hank's buffered saline at a concentration of 2 g/ml were tested for permeability studies carried out for 1 h duration. Pang G, Buret A, OLoughlin E, Smith A, Batey R, Clancy R. Immunologic, functional, and morphological characterization of three new human small intestinal epithelial cell lines. It has been suggested that the in vitro cell culture may be useful systems for rapidly monitoring the absorption behavior of withanolides. Heres a quick breakdown: This is the most potent of the three top branded extracts, boasting a 35% withanolide glycoside concentration. A single bottle of Physicians Choice KSM-66 costs $22.95 for a one-time purchase or $19.51 with a subscription. DAD condition specific signals were collected at 205 nm (bandwidth 16), 210 nm (bandwidth 8), 254 nm (bandwidth 16), 270 nm (bandwidth 16) and 280 nm (bandwidth 16). One of the most common doses we came across in our research was 600mg, particularly for KSM-66 ashwagandha. Centre for Innovation Nutrition Health Disease - Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Medical College Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 1Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 2SinoVeda Canada Inc. Suite 100, BBDC 2011-94th Street Edmonton, AB T6N 1H1 Canada, 3Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Herbal Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Medical College Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn a commission. That means you could safely get nearly double the amount of withanolides youd receive from Xwerks Ashwa in two small pills. Withanolides from the stem bark of, Sangwan RS, Das Chaurasiya N, Lal P, Misra L, Tuli R, Sangwan NS. It utilizes both the root and stem of the plant and is more bioavailable than its competitors. Youtheorys product lineup consists of supplements and mixes that can support various health and wellness goals. Figure 3 also shows that an unidentified product appeared in WNN and WN B. Before we get into how this concentration affects the overall value of a supplement, lets look at how the top brands perform in a cost-per-dose analysis. One jar of Moon Juice ashwagandha powder costs $38, but you can subscribe and pay only $34.20/jar. You should take most ashwagandha supplements daily. Ltd., Bengaluru, India. The site is secure. There is also evidence that ashwagandha can work as a testosterone booster. Irvine JD, Takahashi L, Lockhart K, Cheong J, Tolan JW, Selick HE, et al. With ashwagandha, the price per dose isnt the whole picture. For samples from basal chamber, no dilution was necessary, and 40 L was injected. [8,9,10,11] In our earlier studies, we noted that the anti-oxidant potential of WF A is the highest. An official website of the United States government. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: An approach to enhance oral bioavailability. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Sexual health is multifaceted, however. Assessment of the bioavailability of a compound is a most important primary step in drug development. Comprehensive metabolic fingerprinting of, Devkar ST, Badhe YS, Jagtap SD, Hegde MV. Based on the present studies on the absorption characteristics of the tested withanolides it may be concluded that WN A, WNN, 1,2 DWM and WN B were highly permeable; whereas WS IV, and WS V showed low permeable. As with any supplement, its a good idea to talk to your doctor before incorporating it into your regimen. A single peak was observed for all withanolides except for WNN and WNB which showed an extra peak possibly representing a modified form or an adduct formation in the buffer system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. A comparison of commonly used polyethoxylated pharmaceutical excipients on their ability to inhibit P-glycoprotein activity, Zhang H, Samadi AK, Gallagher RJ, Araya JJ, Tong X, Day VW, et al. Yang H, Shi G, Dou QP. Their wellness categories include: Youtheorys ashwagandha is a blend of 600mg KSM-66 and 400mg of an organic ashwagandha root powder. In conclusion, the nonpolar and low molecular weight compounds (WN A, WNN, 1,2 DWM, and WN B) were highly permeable. Several, including their ashwagandha gummies, are suitable for everyday people just trying to feel better. Physicians Choice also offers an organic ashwagandha root powder. Copyright Innerbody Research 1999 - 2022. We examined these characteristics by employing the Sino-Veda Madin-Darby canine kidney cells culture system, which under in vitro condition shows the absorption characteristics similar to the human intestinal epithelium. Ali M, Shuaib M, Ansari SH. We looked specifically at their pure KSM-66 ashwagandha powder, but there are 12 other products on the companys site that contain ashwagandha within a proprietary blend. That means you get more withanolides from a smaller amount of ashwagandha. If youre in a hurry, heres a brief look at our top picks: WIth its Shoden ashwagandha, Nootropics Depot delivers high potency and the best value on the market. Peff values and permeability of W. somnifera standard, The biological activity of some individual withanolides has been evaluated in in vivo assay system. [12,13,14] WS IV and V play an important neuro-regenerative role. Owens RB, Smith HS, Nelson-Rees WA, Springer EL. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Maybe youre fighting tooth and nail for every rep in the gym and not seeing results. Learn More. Ashwagandha has a long history, reaching back into the ancient practice of Ayurvedic medicine. Some extracting processes can result in supplements containing up to 80% withanolides. Moon Juice offers a wide variety of supplements for everything from hair health to cognition. As such, we discourage anyone with thyroid issues from trying ashwagandha without speaking to their doctor first. If youre concerned about spending a certain amount of money up-front until you know whether these supplements work for you, Xwerks is your best bet. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. will also be available for a limited time. WS IV, WS V, withaferin A (WF A), 1,2 deoxywithastramonolide (1,2 DWM), withanone (WNN), WN A and WN B were obtained from Natural Remedies Pvt. Electrospray mass spectrometer selected ion mode signals were monitored at 471.3, 488.4 (WN A), 455.4, 472.4 477.4 (WN B), 471.2, 453.2, 493.2 (WNN), 471.3, 493.2 (WF A, 1,2 DWM), 411.2, 441.4, 459.4, 805.4 (WS IV) and 407.4, 425.4, 443.4, 767.4, 784.6, 789.4 (WS V) except for WS IV and WS V where the high mass is 850. If stress and anxiety contribute to performance issues in the bedroom, ashwagandha might help. Based on the behavior of withanolides in the cell culture system the mobile phase gradient program was modified to obtain better resolution.